| Hard Prerequisites |
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Classes in Kotlin can have properties. These can be declared as mutable, using the var keyword or read-only using the val keyword.
class Address {
var name: String = ...
var street: String = ...
var city: String = ...
var state: String? = ...
var zip: String = ...
}
To use a property, we simply refer to it by name, as if it were a field in Java:
fun copyAddress(address: Address): Address {
val result = Address() // there's no 'new' keyword in Kotlin
result.name = address.name // accessors are called
result.street = address.street
// ...
return result
}
###Getters and Setters The full syntax for declaring a property is
var <propertyName>[: <PropertyType>] [= <property_initializer>]
[<getter>]
[<setter>]
The initializer, getter and setter are optional. Property type is optional if it can be inferred from the initializer (or from the getter return type, as shown below).
Examples:
var allByDefault: Int? // error: explicit initializer required, default getter and setter implied
var initialized = 1 // has type Int, default getter and setter
The full syntax of a read-only property declaration differs from a mutable one in two ways: it starts with val instead of var and does not allow a setter:
val simple: Int? // has type Int, default getter, must be initialized in constructor
val inferredType = 1 // has type Int and a default getter
We can write custom accessors, very much like ordinary functions, right inside a property declaration. Here’s an example of a custom getter:
val isEmpty: Boolean
get() = this.size == 0
A custom setter looks like this:
var stringRepresentation: String
get() = this.toString()
set(value) {
setDataFromString(value) // parses the string and assigns values to other properties
}
By convention, the name of the setter parameter is value, but you can choose a different name if you prefer.
Since Kotlin 1.1, you can omit the property type if it can be inferred from the getter:
val isEmpty get() = this.size == 0 // has type Boolean
If you need to change the visibility of an accessor or to annotate it, but don’t need to change the default implementation, you can define the accessor without defining its body:
var setterVisibility: String = "abc"
private set // the setter is private and has the default implementation
var setterWithAnnotation: Any? = null
@Inject set // annotate the setter with Inject
Classes in Kotlin cannot have fields. However, sometimes it is necessary to have a backing field when using custom accessors. For these purposes, Kotlin provides an automatic backing field which can be accessed using the field identifier:
var counter = 0 // the initializer value is written directly to the backing field
set(value) {
if (value >= 0) field = value
}
The field identifier can only be used in the accessors of the property.
A backing field will be generated for a property if it uses the default implementation of at least one of the accessors, or if a custom accessor references it through the field identifier.
For example, in the following case there will be no backing field:
val isEmpty: Boolean
get() = this.size == 0
If you want to do something that does not fit into this “implicit backing field” scheme, you can always fall back to having a backing property:
private var _table: Map<String, Int>? = null
public val table: Map<String, Int>
get() {
if (_table == null) {
_table = HashMap() // Type parameters are inferred
}
return _table ?: throw AssertionError("Set to null by another thread")
}
In all respects, this is just the same as in Java since access to private properties with default getters and setters is optimized so that no function call overhead is introduced.
Compile-Time Constants Properties the value of which is known at compile time can be marked as compile time constants using the const modifier. Such properties need to fulfil the following requirements:
Top-level or member of an object Initialized with a value of type String or a primitive type No custom getter Such properties can be used in annotations:
const val SUBSYSTEM_DEPRECATED: String = "This subsystem is deprecated"
@Deprecated(SUBSYSTEM_DEPRECATED) fun foo() { ... }
Normally, properties declared as having a non-null type must be initialized in the constructor. However, fairly often this is not convenient. For example, properties can be initialized through dependency injection, or in the setup method of a unit test. In this case, you cannot supply a non-null initializer in the constructor, but you still want to avoid null checks when referencing the property inside the body of a class.
To handle this case, you can mark the property with the lateinit modifier:
public class MyTest {
lateinit var subject: TestSubject
@SetUp fun setup() {
subject = TestSubject()
}
@Test fun test() {
subject.method() // dereference directly
}
}
The modifier can only be used on var properties declared inside the body of a class (not in the primary constructor), and only when the property does not have a custom getter or setter. The type of the property must be non-null, and it must not be a primitive type.
Accessing a lateinit property before it has been initialized throws a special exception that clearly identifies the property being accessed and the fact that it hasn’t been initialized.
The most common kind of properties simply reads from (and maybe writes to) a backing field. On the other hand, with custom getters and setters one can implement any behaviour of a property. Somewhere in between, there are certain common patterns of how a property may work. A few examples: lazy values, reading from a map by a given key, accessing a database, notifying listener on access, etc.
Such common behaviours can be implemented as libraries using delegated properties.
For members declared inside a class:
Note that in Kotlin, outer class does not see private members of its inner classes.
If you override a protected member and do not specify the visibility explicitly, the overriding member will also have protected visibility.
open class Outer {
private val a = 1
protected open val b = 2
internal val c = 3
val d = 4 // public by default
protected class Nested {
public val e: Int = 5
}
}
class Subclass : Outer() {
// a is not visible
// b, c and d are visible
// Nested and e are visible
override val b = 5 // 'b' is protected
}
class Unrelated(o: Outer) {
// o.a, o.b are not visible
// o.c and o.d are visible (same module)
// Outer.Nested is not visible, and Nested::e is not visible either
}